cephalalgia

Term: cephalalgia

Literally meaning: “headache”

Origin: Anc Greek

κεφαλήν/cephalin(=head)

+άλγος/algos(=ache, pain) > λοιγός/loigos(=pain, sorrow)

Coined/History

Definition

Cephalalgia is the symptom of a moderate usually  pain in the head.

uro-

Term: uro-  and combining form for urine

Origin: Anc Greek 

ούρον/ouron(=urine)>latin urina

< ορός <o+ροή (=flow)

Runon derivatives :

Urocele, urocyst, urolith, urology, uropathy, urorrhea, uroscopy, urogenital, urobilin

amalgalm

Term: amalgalm

Literally meaning: “softening substance”

Origin: Anc Greek

μάλαγμα/malagma (=soft  substance) > μαλάσσω/malasso(=to soften)

Coined/History

The use of the term  originally was referred to soft masses due to chemical manipulation.

Definition

Amalgalm is any of various alloys of mercury with other metals especially one used for  dental fillings.

anastomosis

Term: anastomosis

Literally meaning: “communicating opening”

Origin: Anc Greek

ανά- /ana-(=combining form meaning upon, throughout)

+ στόμα/stoma (=mouth)  >τομή/tome(=cutting, incision)

+ (-ωσις)/(-osis )(=suffix denoting “process” or “state”)

Coined/History

(?)

Definition

Anastomosis is a surgical connection between parts and especially hollow tubular parts like blood vessels or distal parts of intestine.  

hypoplasia

Term: hypoplasia

Literally meaning: “underdevelopment”

Origin: Anc Greek

υπό-/hypo- (prefix meaning "under", "beneath", "less", “diminished”)

+πλάσις/plasis(=formation) πλάσσω/plasso(=to create, to form, to mold)

Coined/History

(?)

Definition

Hypoplasia is the underdevelopment resulting from an abnormal paucity of cells in tissue or organ.

osteochondroma

Term: osteochondroma

Literally meaning: “growth of bones and cartllage”

Origin: Anc Greek

'ïστο[õν/ostoun(=bone)

+χόνδρος/chondros (=thick, coarse salt,  soft bone, cartilages in the region between the ribs and navel)

+(-ωμα)/(-oma)=suffix denoting state or condition of mass growth

Coined/History

In 1891, Orlow coined the term 'exostosis bursata' to describe bursae developing between osteochondromas and surrounding soft tissues

Definition:

Osteochondroma is a benign tumour of that occurs predominantly in metaphyseal regions of the long tubular bones.  Osteochondroma happens when exostosis (outgrowth bone) is capped with cartilage and can be solitary or multiple, sessile or pedunculated.

exostosis

Term: exostosis

Literally meaning: “outgrowth of a bone”

Origin: Anc Greek

έξω>εξ/exo>(before vowels ex-)(=outside)

'ïστο[õν/ostoun(=bone)

Coined/History

In 1891, Orlow coined the term 'exostosis bursata' to describe bursae developing between osteochondromas and surrounding soft tissues

Sources

Definition:

Exostosis is the formation of an abnormal bony growth on the surface of bone or teeth. Where exostoses are capped with cartilage, they are termed osteochondromas. 

acropachy

Term: acropahy

Literally meaning: “thick edge”  or “thick extremity”

Origin: Anc Greek

άκρο/ acro(=edge)

+ παχύς/pachys(=thick)

Coined/History

The term acropachy, was first employed by Högler in 1920 in discussing the secondary osteoarthropathies. Periosteal proliferation secondary to thyroid disease was described by Thomas in 1933 and termed thyroid acropachy. 

Sources

M.THOMAS. ACROPACHY: SECONDARY SUBPERIOSTEAL NEW BONE FORMATION. HENRY Arch Intern Med. 1933;51(4):571-588.

Definition

Acropachy is a medical condition characterized by new bone formation resulting to expansion of soft tissue around fingers and toes. This gives them a bulbous appearance identified as clubbing.  

hypochondroplasia

Term: hypochodroplasia

Literally meaning: “diminished cartilage formation”

Origin: Anc Greek

υπό-/hypo- (prefix meaning "under", "beneath", "less", “diminished”)

+χόνδρος/chondros (=thick, coarse salt,  soft bone, carilages in the region between the ribs and navel)

+πλάσσω/plasso(=to create, to form, to mold)

Coined/History

  Dwarfism was known since times of ancient Egypt as Egyptians had  two dwarf gods: Bes, the protector of sexuality/childbirth  and Ptah the protector of regeneration.

Hypochondroplasia was probably first described by Ravenna (1913) but not generally recognized until much later, the term being coined by Maroteaux and Lamy (1960).

Sources

Ravenna F (1913) Achondroplasie et chondrohypoplasie: contribution clinique. N Iconogr Salpetriere 26:157–184.

Maroteaux P, Lamy M (1960) Les chondropdystrophies genotypiques. L’Expansion Scientifique Francaise, Paris, pp 26–27.

Definition

Hypochondroplasia (MIM 146000) is is an autosomal dominant skeletal dysplasia characterized by short extremities, short stature and lumbar lordosis, usually exhibiting a phenotype similar to but milder than achondroplasia. Hypochodroplasia may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait due to mutations in FGFR3 gene, although most cases occurs as spontaneous mutations in germline.   

achondroplasia

Term: achodroplasia

Literally meaning: “without cartilage formation”

Origin: Anc Greek

α-/a (privative, “non”)

+χόνδρος/chondros (=thick, coarse salt,  soft bone, cartilages in the region between the ribs and navel)

+πλάσσω/plasso(=to create, to form, to mold)

http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk

Coined/History

The term was coined in 1878, by French physician Joseph Marie Jules Parrot (1829-1883), who also described the Egyptian god Ptah as suffering from achondroplastic dwarfism. The word of “chondrodystrophy” which was introduced by German physician Edward Kaufmann (1860 - 1931), was used for a long time instead of term “achondroplasia”  in German-speaking countries” .

Definition

Achondroplasia is the a type of short-limbed dwarfism because of reduction in cartilage production and replacement by mucoid regeneration  Achodroplasia may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait due to mutations in FGFR3 gene, although most cases occurs as spontaneous mutations in normal parents.   

dysphoria

Term: dysphoria

Literally meaning: “discomfort, fidget”

Origin: Anc Greek

δυσ-/dys-(=prefix used with a negative sense meaning difficult, bad, abnormal, misfortune) > δύω/dyo(=decline) δύση/dysi(=sundown)

+φέρω/phero(=to bear)

Coined/History

In 1973 psychiatrist  Norman Fisk coined the “Gender Dysphoria Syndrome" as the condition in which one person feels dysphoric about his gender.

Definition

Dysphoria (opposite of euphoria) is a mental and emotional condition which is characterized by depression and discontent. Some of its symptoms are psychomotor restlessness, crying and suicidal ideation. 

euphoria

Term: euphoria

Literally meaning: “bearing well”

Origin: Anc Greek

ε'õφορία/ephoria(=fertility,ebullience)

εὖ /eph-(=prefix meaning "well”, “good”, “easy”, “right”)

+φέρω/phero(=to bear)

Coined/History

Different philosophers have defined euphoria in different ways . Some philosophers have presented a hedonistic interpretation via sensual pleasures, and some others have interpreted it in terms of internal virtues. In contrast, pre- Aristotlion philosophers believe that euphoria can only be found in the perfection of inner widsdom and courage.  Aristotle considers euphoria as the virtuous living, or as the activities in accordance with virtues.  According Aristotele Euphoria is not the same as virtue because one is the cause and the other is its

Sources
Vrmson, J. L. Aristotles Ethics, Oxford, 1988.
Hojjatollah R et al.,  Happiness in View of Aristotle and Mulla Sadra  3 2012 International Conference on Humanity, History and Society IPEDR vol.34 (2012)

Definition

Euphoria (opposite of dysphoria) is a mental and emotional condition which is characterized by exaggerated state of happiness.  

hyaline

Term: hyaline

Literally meaning: “resembling to glass  ”

Origin: Anc Greek

ύαλος/hyalos(=glass)

+ίνη/(-ine)= female suffix meaning “of “ or “ pertaining to

Coined/History

(?)

Definition

Hyaline is clear, homogenous, translucent   and eosinophilic matrix occurring in tissue degeneration.   

hyalinosis

Term: hyalinosis

Literally meaning: “process to be glassy  ”

Origin: Anc Greek

ύαλος/hyalos(=glass)

+ (-ωσις)/(-osis )(=suffix denoting “process” or “state”)

Coined/History

(?)

Definition

Hyalinosis is a the condition of tissue degeneration with the appearance of translucent homogenous and eosinophilic substances.

lipohyalinosis

Term: lipohyalinosis

Literally meaning: “state of glassy fat  ”

Origin: Anc Greek

+ λίπος/λίπος(=fat, grease) >λίπος > verb λείβω/livo(=grease)

ύαλος/hyalos(=glass)

+ (-ωσις)/(-osis )(=suffix denoting “process” or “state”)

Coined/History

Lipoyalinosis was originally defined by Fisher in the 1960’s as  “segmental arteriolar wall disorganisation”.

Definition

Lipohyalinosis is the condition of hyaline thickening of arterioles in brain.

angiohyalinosis

Term: angiohyalinosis

Literally meaning: “glassy vessel”

Origin: Anc Greek

αγγείο/aggio (=vessel, receptacle) > άγγος/aggos(=tube)

+ύαλος/hyalos(=glass)

+ (-ωσις)/(-osis )(=suffix denoting “process” or “state”)

Coined/History

Definition

Angiohyalinosis is the hyalinosis of walls in blood vessels.